Статьи

This paper describes the development of an agile project management system. This research is relevant because of the feature of agile projects consisting of changing requirements. We developed the architecture of the backlog and tasks management system, including a duration prediction module. Using the developed system, managers have the opportunity to divide project processes into sprints depending on the prediction and value for the stakeholders. The authors propose a method for predicting agile project duration by formalising the application of expert Story Point evaluation and subsequent Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the developed method, an algorithm for the dynamic prediction of task duration was designed. Integration of the developed method into the system made it possible to reduce the assumptions and limitations associated with updating user story data and participation in the projects of new and cross-functional teams. The developed system allows managers to cope with agile project bottlenecks.

This paper claims to show that the making of technology and the material agency of technical objects can be analyzed analogously to the making of meaning through words and speech acts. It proposes the development of a more comprehensive view on the making and working of technology that connects the social pragmatist approach of technical practice and symbolic interagency (Kant, Dewey, Mead) with the linguistic concept of pragmatics and speech acts (Peirce, Wittgenstein, Austin). Both, speech acts and technical acts can be considered as two modes of meaning-making in the social construction of reality. Furthermore, the paper exhibits some parallels between the objectification processes of language and technology. It emphasizes how both evolve from early stages of signs and tools in practical contexts to encoded collections of grammatical rules and technological toolslater on. Doing things with concrete things (technology) reveals two different modes of “efficacy” (Jullien). There is implicit experienced efficacy in the language of directed material forces and causes and also an explicit ascribed efficacy in the language of instituted ends–means relations. The text explores the analogy between language and technology through the lenses of semantics, syntax, pragmatics, and grammar. It emphasizes the importance of such an extended pragmatist/pragmatics approach in the face of new technologies that exhibits a high degree of self-activity, more modes of intra-action between physical and digital objects, and a growing interactivity at interfaces with human actors and environmental factors. They can be more appropriately understood, conceptualized, and also designed as sociotechnical constellations of distributed agencies between people, machines, and programs.

In a dialog with large language models (LLM) there is a coincidence of the addressee and addressee of the message, so such a dialog can be called autocommunication. A neural network can only answer a question that has a formulation. The question is formulated by the one who asks it, i. e. a human being. Human activity in dialog with neural networks provokes thoughts about the nature of such dialog. Composing prompts is one of the most creative parts of dialog with neural networks. But it is worth noting that a neural network is often better at composing prompts than a human. Does this mean that humans need to develop their questioning skills? In LLM-based dialog systems, the main value to the user is the ability to clarify and structure their own thoughts. The structuring of thoughts happens through questioning, through formulating and clarifying questions. Asking the right question is practically answering that question. Thus, thanks to autocommunication, the development, transformation, and restructuring of the human “I” itself takes place. Dialogue with large linguistic models acts as a discursive practice that allows people to formulate their own thoughts and transform their self through autocommunication. It is worth noting that for this kind of dialog, a certain image of the audience is normative or determinative of the material that can be produced in response to a given question. This is because the data for model training is provided by people, even if they do not and have never thought about it. Thus, a dialogic relationship develops between the generated text and the questioning audience that develops all participants in the communication.

This paper assesses the arguments of Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major and Margaret Mitchell in the influential article “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?” These arguments disputed that Language Models (LM) can communicate and understand. In particular, I discuss the argument that LMs cannot communicate because their linguistic productions lack communicative intent and are not based on the real world or a model of the real world, which the authors regard as conditions for the possibility of communication and understanding. I argue that the authors’ view of communication and understanding is too restrictive and cannot account for vast instances of communication, not only human-to-human communication but also communications between humans and other entities. More concretely, I maintain that communicative intent is a possible but not necessary condition for communication and understanding, as it is oftentimes absent or unreliable. Communication need not be grounded in the real world in the sense of needing to refer to objects or state of affairs in the real world, because communication can very well be about hypothetical or unreal worlds and object. Drawing on Derrida’s philosophy, I elaborate alternative concepts of communication as the transmission of an operation of demotivation and overwhelming of interpretations with differential forces, and of understanding as the best guess or best interpretation. Based on these concepts, the paper argues that LMs could be said to communicate and understand.

Our interest in this article is to investigate different approaches to enantiosemy in English. In the coverage of a variety of viewpoints introduced in the present article, reference is made to well-established traditional and most recent perspectives and approaches provided by both European and Russian scholars with the view of elucidating different principles of classification.

The data for the analysis are extracted from different dictionaries and British National Corpus in order to find distinct motivated meanings between opposite senses in the semantic structure of enantiosemic words. The analysis of the data enables us to reveal some regularities of antonymic relations which make it possible to regard them as special cases of polysemy in English.

For this reason we consider it crucial to disclose integral and differentiating semes, as well as different potential semes, which give rise to different associations.

В статье изучаются отдельные вопросы, касающиеся криминальной деятельности в сети Даркнет, а также особенностей его использования для преступлений различных категорий. Для этих целей был проведен опрос среди разных возрастных категорий. Проведенное исследование позволило узнать, насколько люди знакомы с даркнетом. Вместе с тем очевидно, что немалая часть проанализированных видов общественно опасной деятельности представлена и в традиционном интернете, что свидетельствует о переоцененности криминального значения темной сети.

Наверняка каждый из вас мог услышать или столкнуться при работе с вашим персональным компьютером с таким любопытным понятием, как DDos-Атака, оно как раз относится к информационной безопасности! DDoS-Атака - это один из способов, когда злоумышленники пытаются перезагрузить веб-ресурс или сеть, создавая огромное количество запросов на сервер. Информационная безопасность - это область, которая занимается защитой информации от различных угроз и рисков, таких как несанкционированный доступ, разрушение, утечка или модификация данных.

Наиболее популярными на сегодняшний день квантовыми вычислителями являются спиновые кубиты, а особенно можно выделить дырочные спиновые кубиты. Базовым материалом для реализации данной технологии считается германий. Главной особенностью германия является сильное спин-орбитальное взаимодействие, способность к масштабируемости и совместимость с классическим производственным процессом. В данной работе методом ab-initio расчета было произведено построение модели интерфейса Ge-Si и исследованы квантовые состояния интерфейса кремния и германия, представляющего собой тонкослойную структуру Ge, заключённую между слоями Si, при наличии в нём дырок с четным и нечетным числом. Были определены локализации дырочных состояний в интерфейсе, произведен анализ зарядового распределения в системе.

В статье рассматривается гравитационный коллапс в метрике Вайдья, полученной с помощью гравитационного расщепления. Мы исследуем вопрос о том, влияет ли первичный волос на конечный результат гравитационного коллапса. Мы доказали, что константа связи ока- зывает влияние на формирование голой сингулярности. Мы также исследовали вопрос о силе центральной сингулярности и доказали, что она является гравитационно-сильной. Тем не менее приведенная модель не нарушает космический принцип цензуры, поскольку при формировании голой сингулярности нарушаются слабые энергетические условия.

Russian is a language widely spoken worldwide. While it is one of the official languages of the United Nations, it is still predominantly spoken in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union, although about 30 million speakers abroad have a near-native proficiency in Russian, and about 70 million speak it as a foreign language. However, there are efforts to diversify the use of Russian as a world language and promote its use in other regions and contexts. Russian is a pluricentric language, meaning that it has multiple centers of use and standardisation. In addition to Russia, where it is the official language, Russian is also widely spoken in several other countries, including Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. As a result, there is a great deal of linguistic diversity within the Russian-speaking world, which creates a stronger potential to increase linguistic diversity even further and promote the use of a wider range of linguistic varieties and dialects. By recognising the different varieties of Russian and promoting their use in different contexts, it may be possible to improve communication between Russian speakers from different regions and countries. By maintaining the use of Russian in different cultural contexts, it may be possible to facilitate greater cultural exchange and understanding between different parts of the world. Russian as a language of commerce and trade facilitates greater economic cooperation between different countries and regions.

The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union defined the establishment of a shared labor force market as one of the main goals of the integration association. Ensuring the freedom of movement for workers from EAEU member states is inextricably linked with exercising their right to pension benefits. The Agreement on Pension Benefits for the Working Population of EAEU Member States is based on the recognition of equal rights for workers, territorial equality, and export of pensions. As of the effective date of the Agreement, pension rights of the working population of EAEU member states shall be developed in full parity with the citizens of the state of employment. The Agreement establishes the types of pension contributions based on which the pension rights of the working population of EAEU member states are developed and the types of pension benefits these legal norms apply to. The paper includes a comparative analysis of legislations of EAEU member states the provisions of which define the development of pension rights of the working population of EAEU member states. In the course of work, the conditions for pension rights development have been analyzed, similarities and differences have been identified. The conducted research has shown that the pension systems of EAEU member states are in the process of being restructured. The stability of the pension systems is impacted by demographic, economic and migration issues. Under their influence, EAEU member states introduce structural changes to the pension systems, improve the rate policy, raise the retirement age and raise requirements for the length of employment.

The paper examines the issue of victim / witness testimony, an investigative procedure introduced in the Kyrgyz Republic Criminal Procedure Code in 2019. It can be argued that this institution enables the development of the adversarial principle and the principle of equality of parties in pre-trial proceedings. The author points out that for the Criminal Procedure code of some former Soviet states, this institution is new, though it was first reflected in English law of the 19th century. The author notes the debatable nature of re-examining a victim / witness when the merits of the case are considered. In this regard, improvement in Art. 208 of the existing Kyrgyz Republic Criminal Procedure Code is suggested. Additionally, the article examines the issue of what a deposition is - an investigative procedure or an institution. The author states that deposition of testimony is an investigative procedure.