Научный архив: статьи

In a dialog with large language models (LLM) there is a coincidence of the addressee and addressee of the message, so such a dialog can be called autocommunication. A neural network can only answer a question that has a formulation. The question is formulated by the one who asks it, i. e. a human being. Human activity in dialog with neural networks provokes thoughts about the nature of such dialog. Composing prompts is one of the most creative parts of dialog with neural networks. But it is worth noting that a neural network is often better at composing prompts than a human. Does this mean that humans need to develop their questioning skills? In LLM-based dialog systems, the main value to the user is the ability to clarify and structure their own thoughts. The structuring of thoughts happens through questioning, through formulating and clarifying questions. Asking the right question is practically answering that question. Thus, thanks to autocommunication, the development, transformation, and restructuring of the human “I” itself takes place. Dialogue with large linguistic models acts as a discursive practice that allows people to formulate their own thoughts and transform their self through autocommunication. It is worth noting that for this kind of dialog, a certain image of the audience is normative or determinative of the material that can be produced in response to a given question. This is because the data for model training is provided by people, even if they do not and have never thought about it. Thus, a dialogic relationship develops between the generated text and the questioning audience that develops all participants in the communication.

This paper assesses the arguments of Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major and Margaret Mitchell in the influential article “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?” These arguments disputed that Language Models (LM) can communicate and understand. In particular, I discuss the argument that LMs cannot communicate because their linguistic productions lack communicative intent and are not based on the real world or a model of the real world, which the authors regard as conditions for the possibility of communication and understanding. I argue that the authors’ view of communication and understanding is too restrictive and cannot account for vast instances of communication, not only human-to-human communication but also communications between humans and other entities. More concretely, I maintain that communicative intent is a possible but not necessary condition for communication and understanding, as it is oftentimes absent or unreliable. Communication need not be grounded in the real world in the sense of needing to refer to objects or state of affairs in the real world, because communication can very well be about hypothetical or unreal worlds and object. Drawing on Derrida’s philosophy, I elaborate alternative concepts of communication as the transmission of an operation of demotivation and overwhelming of interpretations with differential forces, and of understanding as the best guess or best interpretation. Based on these concepts, the paper argues that LMs could be said to communicate and understand.

Our interest in this article is to investigate different approaches to enantiosemy in English. In the coverage of a variety of viewpoints introduced in the present article, reference is made to well-established traditional and most recent perspectives and approaches provided by both European and Russian scholars with the view of elucidating different principles of classification.

The data for the analysis are extracted from different dictionaries and British National Corpus in order to find distinct motivated meanings between opposite senses in the semantic structure of enantiosemic words. The analysis of the data enables us to reveal some regularities of antonymic relations which make it possible to regard them as special cases of polysemy in English.

For this reason we consider it crucial to disclose integral and differentiating semes, as well as different potential semes, which give rise to different associations.

В статье изучаются отдельные вопросы, касающиеся криминальной деятельности в сети Даркнет, а также особенностей его использования для преступлений различных категорий. Для этих целей был проведен опрос среди разных возрастных категорий. Проведенное исследование позволило узнать, насколько люди знакомы с даркнетом. Вместе с тем очевидно, что немалая часть проанализированных видов общественно опасной деятельности представлена и в традиционном интернете, что свидетельствует о переоцененности криминального значения темной сети.

Наверняка каждый из вас мог услышать или столкнуться при работе с вашим персональным компьютером с таким любопытным понятием, как DDos-Атака, оно как раз относится к информационной безопасности! DDoS-Атака - это один из способов, когда злоумышленники пытаются перезагрузить веб-ресурс или сеть, создавая огромное количество запросов на сервер. Информационная безопасность - это область, которая занимается защитой информации от различных угроз и рисков, таких как несанкционированный доступ, разрушение, утечка или модификация данных.

Наиболее популярными на сегодняшний день квантовыми вычислителями являются спиновые кубиты, а особенно можно выделить дырочные спиновые кубиты. Базовым материалом для реализации данной технологии считается германий. Главной особенностью германия является сильное спин-орбитальное взаимодействие, способность к масштабируемости и совместимость с классическим производственным процессом. В данной работе методом ab-initio расчета было произведено построение модели интерфейса Ge-Si и исследованы квантовые состояния интерфейса кремния и германия, представляющего собой тонкослойную структуру Ge, заключённую между слоями Si, при наличии в нём дырок с четным и нечетным числом. Были определены локализации дырочных состояний в интерфейсе, произведен анализ зарядового распределения в системе.

В статье рассматривается гравитационный коллапс в метрике Вайдья, полученной с помощью гравитационного расщепления. Мы исследуем вопрос о том, влияет ли первичный волос на конечный результат гравитационного коллапса. Мы доказали, что константа связи ока- зывает влияние на формирование голой сингулярности. Мы также исследовали вопрос о силе центральной сингулярности и доказали, что она является гравитационно-сильной. Тем не менее приведенная модель не нарушает космический принцип цензуры, поскольку при формировании голой сингулярности нарушаются слабые энергетические условия.

Russian is a language widely spoken worldwide. While it is one of the official languages of the United Nations, it is still predominantly spoken in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union, although about 30 million speakers abroad have a near-native proficiency in Russian, and about 70 million speak it as a foreign language. However, there are efforts to diversify the use of Russian as a world language and promote its use in other regions and contexts. Russian is a pluricentric language, meaning that it has multiple centers of use and standardisation. In addition to Russia, where it is the official language, Russian is also widely spoken in several other countries, including Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. As a result, there is a great deal of linguistic diversity within the Russian-speaking world, which creates a stronger potential to increase linguistic diversity even further and promote the use of a wider range of linguistic varieties and dialects. By recognising the different varieties of Russian and promoting their use in different contexts, it may be possible to improve communication between Russian speakers from different regions and countries. By maintaining the use of Russian in different cultural contexts, it may be possible to facilitate greater cultural exchange and understanding between different parts of the world. Russian as a language of commerce and trade facilitates greater economic cooperation between different countries and regions.

The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union defined the establishment of a shared labor force market as one of the main goals of the integration association. Ensuring the freedom of movement for workers from EAEU member states is inextricably linked with exercising their right to pension benefits. The Agreement on Pension Benefits for the Working Population of EAEU Member States is based on the recognition of equal rights for workers, territorial equality, and export of pensions. As of the effective date of the Agreement, pension rights of the working population of EAEU member states shall be developed in full parity with the citizens of the state of employment. The Agreement establishes the types of pension contributions based on which the pension rights of the working population of EAEU member states are developed and the types of pension benefits these legal norms apply to. The paper includes a comparative analysis of legislations of EAEU member states the provisions of which define the development of pension rights of the working population of EAEU member states. In the course of work, the conditions for pension rights development have been analyzed, similarities and differences have been identified. The conducted research has shown that the pension systems of EAEU member states are in the process of being restructured. The stability of the pension systems is impacted by demographic, economic and migration issues. Under their influence, EAEU member states introduce structural changes to the pension systems, improve the rate policy, raise the retirement age and raise requirements for the length of employment.

The paper examines the issue of victim / witness testimony, an investigative procedure introduced in the Kyrgyz Republic Criminal Procedure Code in 2019. It can be argued that this institution enables the development of the adversarial principle and the principle of equality of parties in pre-trial proceedings. The author points out that for the Criminal Procedure code of some former Soviet states, this institution is new, though it was first reflected in English law of the 19th century. The author notes the debatable nature of re-examining a victim / witness when the merits of the case are considered. In this regard, improvement in Art. 208 of the existing Kyrgyz Republic Criminal Procedure Code is suggested. Additionally, the article examines the issue of what a deposition is - an investigative procedure or an institution. The author states that deposition of testimony is an investigative procedure.

В статье на примере двух фильмов гипержанра пост-хоррор («Солнцестояние» 2019 г., реж. Ари Астер, «Варяг» 2022 г., реж. Роберт Эггерс) анализируется одна из тенденций в современном кинематографе, связанная с совмещением категорий технического и магического. В современной философии можно проследить ориентированность на подобное сплетение, где аннигилируется дихотомия рационального и иррационального, внутреннего и внешнего. Восприятие мира в контексте виртуализации по-новому определяет процесс мышления в качестве того, что не относится к психическому, а кино оказывается медиатором безрефлексивного созерцания, определяя место субъекта в качестве отсутствующего.

Purpose. The study is purposed at determining modern dynamics of the Lake Sasyk bay-bar (Crimean Peninsula) and the impact of the local seawater intake upon the coastal zone based on long-term in situ observations, satellite data and mathematical modeling. The study was conducted in view of the proposed construction of transverse hydraulic structures.

Methods and Results. Regular (2007–2014) and occasional in situ observations of the coastline dynamics at the Lake Sasyk bay-bar were used. The maximum inter-annual oscillations in the coastline locations are shown to be 5.8 m in the sections to the southeast from the transverse structure (seawater intake) and 3.4–7.2 m – in the sections to the northwest. Seasonal variability is significantly higher: the maximum range is 14.6 m in the sections to the southeast, and in those to the northwest – 26.7 m. The wave climate was investigated. The wave reanalysis data for 1979–2022 have shown that the southwestern direction of waves approaching the coast with a frequency exceeding 30% is most probable. The highest waves also come from this direction. The extreme values of wave characteristics which can occur once in n years were obtained. The mean long-term values of storm numbers in the area under study are given depending on their duration. Application of the GenCade integrated lithodynamic model permitted to obtain the estimates of changes in the coastline position in this area on the interannual scales.

Conclusions. The model calculations made it possible to reproduce the main features and trends in changes of the beach width in the area of the structure obtained due to in situ observations. The mean annual sediment flows in the area under study are directed clockwise (to the southeast) that is conditioned by the coastline orientation and the wave climate features. Difference between the mean annual sediment rates at the area boundaries is negligible – less than 4% of the multi-year average. This fact indicates insignificant impact of the structure upon the sediment total transfer to the southeast.