Научный архив: статьи

In the article the questions of unique solvability and determination of the redefinition coefficient function in the initial inverse problem for two-dimensional Whitham-type partial differential equation with impulse effects are studied. The modified method of characteristics allows partial differential equations of the first order to be represented as ordinary differential equations that describe the change of an unknown function along the line of characteristics. The unique solvability of the two-dimensional inverse problem is proved by the method of successive approximations and contraction mappings. The definition of the unknown coefficient is reduced to solving the Volterra integral equation of the first kind.

Intensifiers play a crucial role in everyday communication, varying in frequency, function, and socio-pragmatic significance across languages. However, gender-based variation in their use remains underexplored. This study examines intensifier usage among native speakers of English and Bahasa Indonesia, focusing on male and female speakers in spontaneous, face-threatening contexts. Data were collected through Elicited Oral Responses (EOR) from 40 university students – 20 English speakers from an Australian university and 20 Bahasa Indonesia speakers from a university in Jambi. Participants responded in their native language to an apologetic scenario in which a close friend had broken a promise. Their responses were recorded, transcribed, and analysed for intensifier frequency and type. Findings indicate that both language groups use intensifiers to amplify emotions and signal heightened face-threat. However, English speakers employed intensifiers more frequently and with greater variety than their Indonesian counterparts. Gender differences were also evident, with males and females differing in both the types and frequency of intensifiers used. This study contributes to sociolinguistics and pragmatics by elucidating gendered language use in intercultural communication. It also holds pedagogical implications for language learning, enhancing awareness of how intensifiers function in spoken discourse across cultures. This study contributes to cross-cultural pragmatics by examining differences in intensifier use between native English and Bahasa Indonesia speakers in face-threatening contexts. The findings enhance understanding of gender’s impact on intensifier use and supply information for language instruction, particularly in teaching emotional expressions in everyday conversations.

This article considers tourism from the point of view of the means of cognition of the world, as well as the concept of tourism, its features, relevance in modern society, new directions and types.

The authors consider cheer sports and cheerleading as one of the important areas in sports. Cheer sports and cheerleading is a fairly young sport, while very rapidly developing. Now this sport is popular among young people through various teen films and TV series. It is thanks to the popularity that there is an increase in young athletes in this sport. During the study, it was found out that the main problem put forward by many authors on the topic of Cheer sports and cheerleading is the lack of methods for preparing athletes for competitions, as well as the lack of information and scientific and methodological literature on this sport.

Впервые для территории Туркменистана найдена Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778). Вид обитает в Ашхабаде и в пригородах: Бикрове и Берзенгах. Природный ареал C. virgata охватывает западное Средиземноморье, Британские острова, Крым и окрестности Новороссийска. Мы считаем, что C. virgata была завезена из Европы в 90-е годы, когда привозили большое количество саженцев с землёй для озеленения города. Все биотопы, заселённые C. virgata, располагаются вдоль дорог и около жилых построек, как в районах одноэтажной, так и в районах многоэтажной застройки. Улитки всегда обитают в местах произрастания трав. В Европе C. virgata живёт в открытых степях, за что её называют степной улиткой. В Туркменистане C. virgata обитает в лесопосадках, в тени деревьев и в огородах, где есть полив. Изменения в экологии обусловлены особенностями засушливого континентального климата зоны полупустынь Туркменистана. Размножение весной и осенью. Длительность жизни до полного формирования раковин и наступления половой зрелости от двух до шести лет. Это зависит от увлажнения биотопов в результате поливов. В летнюю жару поднимаются на стволы и прячутся в трещинах коры. Общие параметры раковин и половой системы соответствуют описаниям C. virgata из западных стран Европы. Высота раковин 8,6-14,2; ширина раковин 12,5-19,2; число оборотов 4,6-6,25. Изменения экологии C. virgata в условиях Туркменистана показывает большие способности вида к приспособлению в новых условиях, что делает возможным его расселение в других антропогенных биотопах стран Азии.

This paper is devoted to the problem of the diversity of “artificial” or constructed languages. The aim of the work is to reveal in-depth the diversity of communication systems developed to varying degrees, as well as to find an answer to the question: what prompted people to create new languages? The author analyzes various types of invented languages, from international universal language projects to secret languages of closed communities, as well as fictional languages used in literature and common languages for use among kindred peoples. The material for the study is numerous examples from research linguistics articles and monographs. Instead of a detailed classification, the work uses the chronological order of the appearance of language projects, regardless of the place of their creation or the identity of the inventor. The chronological presentation of the material allows one to see the big picture. Special attention is paid to little-known projects that are not mentioned or poorly described in the literature on interlinguistics. Using the encyclopedic work of Alexander Dulichenko, International Auxiliary Languages (1990), as a starting point, the author significantly expanded the scope of constructed languages, not limited only to international projects, and supplemented the proposed list. In addition, this paper analyzes some phenomena that were mistakenly included in the list of constructed languages. The main result of this study is a list consisting of several hundred different communication systems described in the author’s unpublished book and partly presented here. The abundance of examples helps to understand the problem initially posed. The author has identified several motivating factors for the creation of new languages: the desire for communication; facilitating communication between native speakers of different languages; use in literary works; linguistic and philosophical research; communication in closed communities, etc. This work is complemented by examples of numerals from various pasigraphies (universal writing systems).

В современных исследованиях по теории аргументации заметную роль играет так называемая «структурированная аргументация», или «структурированный аргументативный подход». Эту методологию изучения аргументации можно рассматривать как уточнение другого и, пожалуй, более фундаментального «абстрактного аргументативного подхода», разработанного Ф. М. Дунгом. Структурированная аргументация знаменательна тем, что это одна из тех областей, где аргументация может быть эффективно исследована с применением аппарата современной символической логики. Ключевым в этом отношении является то, что с точки зрения структурированного аргументативного подхода понятие «аргумент» принято сводить к понятию «дедуктивное рассуждение» в том его привычном содержании, которое используется в логике. При этом чаще всего под «дедуктивными рассуждениями» здесь имеется в виду достаточно ограниченный класс «прямых рассуждений» (непосредственных переходов от высказываний к высказываниям). Однако практика логически ориентированной аргументации не ограничивается прямыми рассуждениями и очень часто основана на использовании «непрямых рассуждений» (например, «сведение к абсурду», «рассуждение от противного», «рассуждение разбором случаев» и др.). В данной статье показано, что этот класс рассуждений не поддается анализу с помощью традиционного структурированного аргументативного подхода. Для решения этой проблемы предложено новое понятие «аргумента», объем которого будет включать не только прямые, но и непрямые дедуктивные рассуждения. Вдобавок показано, что использование нового подхода позволяет существенно расширить выразительные возможности отношения «аргументативной атаки». Автор формулирует восемь новых разновидностей «опровергающих» и «подрезающих» аргументов, с помощью которых станет возможным формальный анализ аргументативных ситуаций, где непрямые рассуждения могут атаковать друг друга, могут использоваться для атаки прямых рассуждений либо же вовсе могут быть атакованы прямыми рассуждениями.

The paper places an emphasis on the fact that many publications on complex reliability assessment of electric power and fuel systems do not always substantiate the application of various methods. We address the “system”, “nodal”, and “estimation” approaches to assess the reliability of electric power systems, given reliable fuel supply to power plants. These approaches are accompanied by an analysis of their correspondence to the objectives and goals of the study, as well as an analysis of the validity of their application in terms of the obtained result accuracy, research time, complexity of search for and preparation of the input data and forms of their representation in a model. All the approaches were tested in case studies. The nodal and system approaches were tested on a conventional power system, while the estimation approach was tested on design diagrams of the gas and electric power systems of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The problem of finding equilibrium configurations of one-component charged particles, induced by external electrostatic fields in planar systems, is a subject of active studies in fundamental as well in experimental investigations. In this paper the results of numerical analysis of the equilibrium configurations of charged particles (electrons), confined in a circular region by an infinite external potential at its boundary are presented. Equilibrium configurations with minimal energy are searched by means of special calculation scheme. This computational scheme consists of the following steps. First, the configuration of the system with the energy as close as possible to the expected energy value in the ground equilibrium state is found using a model of stable configurations. Next, classical Newtonian molecular dynamics is used using viscous friction to bring the system into equilibrium with a minimum energy. With a sufficient number of runs, we obtain a stable configuration with an energy value as close as possible to the global minimum energy value for the ground stable state for a given number of particles. Our results demonstrate a significant efficiency of using the method of classical molecular dynamics (MD) when using the interpolation formulas in comparison with algorithms based on Monte Carlo methods and global optimization. This approach makes it possible to significantly increase the speed at which an equilibrium configuration is reached for an arbitrarily chosen number of particles compared to the Metropolis annealing simulation algorithm and other algorithms based on global optimization methods.

The analysis of trajectory dynamics and the solution of optimization problems using computer methods are relevant areas of research in dynamic population-migration models. In this paper, four-dimensional dynamic models describing the processes of competition and migration in ecosystems are studied. Firstly, we consider a modification of the “two competitors—two migration areas” model, which takes into account uniform intraspecific and interspecific competition in two populations as well as non-uniform bidirectional migration in both populations. Secondly, we consider a modification of the “two competitors—two migration areas” model, in which intraspecific competition is uniform and interspecific competition and bidirectional migration are non-uniform. For these two types of models, the study is carried out taking into account the variability of parameters. The problems of searching for model parameters based on the implementation of two optimality criteria are solved. The first criterion of optimality is associated with the fulfillment of such a condition for the coexistence of populations, which in mathematical form is the integral maximization of the functions product characterizing the populations densities. The second criterion of optimality involves checking the assumption of the such a four-dimensional positive vector existence, which will be a state of equilibrium. The algorithms developed on the basis of the first and second optimality criteria using the differential evolution method result in optimal sets of parameters for the studied population-migration models. The obtained sets of parameters are used to find positive equilibrium states and analyze trajectory dynamics. Using the method of constructing self-consistent one-step models and an automated stochastization procedure, the transition to the stochastic case is performed. The structural description and the possibility of analyzing two types of population-migration stochastic models are provided by obtaining Fokker–Planck equations and Langevin equations with corresponding coefficients. Algorithms for generating trajectories of the Wiener process, multipoint distributions and modifications of the Runge–Kutta method are used. A series of computational experiments is carried out using a specialized software package whose capabilities allow for the construction and analysis of dynamic models of high dimension, taking into account the evaluation of the stochastics influence. The trajectory dynamics of two types of population-migration models are investigated, and a comparative analysis of the results is carried out both in the deterministic and stochastic cases. The results can be used in the modeling and optimization of dynamic models in natural science.

This work is the second part of a large bibliographic review of active queue management algorithms of the Random Early Detection (RED) family, presented in the scientific press from 1993 to 2023. This part provides data on algorithms published from 2006 to 2015.

The article describes a method for calculating interpolation coefficients of expansion using Chebyshev polynomials. The method is valid when the desired function is bounded and has a finite number of maxima and minima in a finite domain of interpolation. The essence of the method is that the interpolated desired function can be represented as an expansion in Chebyshev polynomials; then the expansion coefficients are determined using the collocation method by reducing the problem to solving a well-conditioned system of linear algebraic equations for the required coefficients. Using the well-known useful properties of Chebyshev polynomials can significantly simplify the solution of the problem of function interpolation. A technique using the Clenshaw algorithm for summing the series and determining the expansion coefficients of the interpolated function, based on the discrete orthogonality of Chebyshev polynomials of the 1st kind, is outlined.