Thecamoeba onigiri n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Discosea, Thecamoebida) was isolated from a moss sample collected in the surroundings of Lake Baikal (Russia). The amoebae of this species belong to the striate morphotype and have a single rounded nucleus. The nucleolar material of T. onigiri can be organized in different ways depending on the age of the culture. The most common was a nucleus with a nearly spherical eccentric nucleolus, sometimes located very close to the nuclear envelope. The surface of such a nucleolus was rough and uneven. This type of nucleolar organization was observed in one- to two-week-old cultures. In contrast, a centrally located rounded nucleolus with smooth surface predominated in three- to four-week-old cultures. This type of the nucleolus corresponds to the classical “vesicular” nucleus and is similar to that found in amoebae of “T. quadrilineata species group”, but differs in having lacunae that are more peripheral. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences showed that T. onigiri forms a clade with T. astrologa as part of a larger group that also includes the “T. quadrilineata species group” and T. aesculea. Meanwhile, two species of Thecamoeba demonstrate polymorphism of the nucleolar material arrangement, and both these species are phylogenetically close.
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Amoebae of the genus Thecamoeba Fromentel, 1874 are widely distributed in the environment and can be isolated from marine and freshwater habitats, soil and leaf litter (Page, 1977; Smirnov, 1999a, 1999b; Dyková et al., 2008; Kudryavtsev and Hausmann, 2009; Mesentsev and Smirnov, 2019, 2021; Mesentsev et al., 2020, 2022, 2023; Henderson et al., 2024).
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Protists inhabit waters with different salinities up to saturation, and play significant roles in the food webs. In hypersaline environments, the simplified communities are composed of mainly pro- and eukaryotic halophilic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to characterize the prokaryotic assemblages associated with uniprotist cultures of heterotrophic and phototrophic halophilic protists isolated from inland saline water bodies and maintained under laboratory conditions for a long time. The cultures were represented by chlorophycean algae Dunaliella and Asteromonas, as well as by heterotrophic protozoa of the phylum Heterolobosea. DNA metabarcoding revealed that the prokaryotic assemblages differed drastically between the phototrophic and heterotrophic protists in richness, diversity and taxonomic composition. Generally, the prokaryotic assemblages of Heterolobosea protozoa were richer than those of chlorophycean algae. In the algal microbiomes, only few prokaryotic genera were revealed. They were represented by the bacterial phylum Pseudomonadota and the archaeal phylum Halobacteriota. Rather diverse prokaryotic assemblages were associated with the cultures of halophilic Heterolobosea protozoa. They were composed of the phyla Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Balneolota, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Halobacteriota, and Nanohaloarchaeota. Predicted functional profiles of the prokaryotic assemblages revealed the pathways responsible for close metabolic interactions between the halophilic protists and their prokaryotic associates, including synthesis of organic osmotic solutes and their conversion, degradation of sugar and organic aromatic compounds, biosynthesis of cofactors and vitamins. The dramatic differences between prokaryotic assemblages of heterotrophic and phototrophic protists suggest the existence of different selection mechanisms shaping microbiomes of the halophilic protists that still have to be elucidated.
Although the global distribution of eumycetozoans in terrestrial ecosystems with varying vegetation types has been a subject of a number of investigations during the past decade, there is still scarce to no available data from the mangrove forests, particularly in the Philippines. Hence, this study assesses and compares the occurrence and distribution of protosteloid amoebae inhabiting the mangrove ecosystem of San Fernando City, La Union, with the villages Biday and Catbangen as representatives. Aerial (AL) and ground (GL) leaf litter samples were used as substrates in isolating protosteloid amoebae and were subjected to moist chamber cultures. The 17 species belonging to 12 genera, from a total of 125 records, were described and reported in this study, with Protostelium mycophagum being the most often occurring species. Further results indicate that the ground microhabitat and the Biday site exhibited higher species diversity and abundance than the aerial microhabitat and the Catbangen site. Regarding species richness in the two leaf litters, GL hosted higher species richness than AL. The current research is one of the few that has assessed and surveyed the eumycetozoan distribution, occurrence, and ecology in the Philippine mangrove ecosystem. Furthermore, it demonstrates the potential for a mangrove forest to support diverse protosteloid amoebae growth.
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